However, since , several public disputes regarding the headscarf have emerged and, following the French Stasi Commission, two Francophone French senators liberal and socialist proposed a ban on religious signs in official schools and public services.
This legislative proposal was largely rejected and not even discussed in extenso Moreover, since the writing of the paper by Coene and Longman 43 on the rise of prohibitions in , general regional bans appeared in Flanders and Francophone Belgium. In Flanders, religious signs have been banned from public schools run by the Flemish Community In Francophone Belgium, the debate about the headscarf in public schools returned to public attention in September when the President of the French-speaking centre-right party Mouvement Reformateur, MR Didier Reynders, declared himself in favour of the ban for pupils under the age of However, since most democratic political parties remain internally divided on this issue, no political decision has still been taken regarding the wearing of religious signs in public schools, leaving the choice whether to ban or not to each school Finally, in March , the French Community Parliament voted a resolution banning religious signs mainly targeting the headscarf for people working in their administration when they are in contact with the public RTL info, 25 March The same general ban is applicable in the Brussels regional administration since In the Flemish administration, no such general rule has yet been promulgated.
Decision-making is left to the different heads of unit in the different Flemish ministries. This absence of a general rule has been questioned by the radical-right party Vlaams Belang and the Flemish liberals, and more recently also by the Flemish nationalist party N-VA This means that all employees are allowed to wear religious signs and that the neutrality of their performance on the job has to be judged by their behaviour and not on the wearing of religious symbols VDAB also developed a special headscarf for participants in vocational training, when security devices would not allow for a headscarf brought from home.
The Brussels regional employment agency, Actiris, introduced a ban on religious signs for its employees before the Brussels regional government decided to promulgate a general rule for the whole regional administration. This approach seems absent in Francophone Belgium. The explanation for the interventionist assimilationist approach towards Muslim religious expression in the Flemish and Francophone public spheres is however divergent: while in Francophone Belgium, it can be explained by the historical dominance of the anti-clerical elite favouring French secularism, in Flanders it should be interpreted in the light of the strong politicization of immigration and Islam.
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These policies rapidly started to diverge. A particular focus in policies on cultural diversity resulting from immigration only appeared in Flanders, and is absent in Francophone Belgium because of the colour-blind approach towards cultural diversity.
This process is called, in Flanders, interculturalisering interculturalization and can be associated with a policy of mainstreaming cultural diversity The goal of this interculturalizationprocess is to guarantee an equal access for immigrant origin groups to mainstream institutions and services.
In order to guarantee this access, these institutions have to adapt what they offer and practice and implement diversity in their recruitment and personnel policies, in their programmes and spread their activities to a wider diverse public. In this Decree, Flemish cultural institutions asking for public financial support are obliged to set out a strategy to promote public and cultural diversity in their programmes and in their recruitment policy.
Consequently, the Ministry is a central actor in the politics of recognition of cultural differences In addition, since the mids, federations of migrant and ethnic associations can be financially supported in order to promote cultural activities linked to the cultural and ethnic identities of migrants In Flanders, this possibility is still sustained by the idea that ethnic associations, like the Flemish associations in the past, might contribute to the emancipation of their public However, a research led by Van Dienderen 54 regarding the practices of cultural diversity in the field of culture and arts revealed the many challenges remaining in the implementation of the interculturalizationpolicy.
Indeed, it is commonly said that explicitly targeting particular groups and then promoting specific policy helps reify cultural differences, and that is not what is desirable.
Cultural institutions other than those financed by Youth and Permanent Education are not obliged to implement particular strategies or actions regarding the participation of the underprivileged, or towards cultural diversity However, one exception exists to this rule.
Since , the Socialist Minister of Culture Fadila Lanaan PS has included the obligation to promote participation and diversity in the objectives of public theatres Indeed, the goal of the Assises was to provoke deep discussion about the diversity of cultural practices 59 and access in terms of geographic proximity to cultural institutions Classical socio-demographic characteristics of the general public gender, class, economic status, etc. This plan aspires to improve the representation of diversity in the personnel of nine cultural institutions.
Diversity in this context, is widely understood as aiming at cultural diversity, but also gender, handicap and age issues. This raises the question how these differences can be categorized and explained.
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This paper has shown that categorizing the difference between the minority language, religious and artistic policies of Flanders and Francophone Belgium is not a straightforward exercise. Moreover, important differences can be detected through our analytical description. Francophone policies towards minority cultures are dominantly colour-blind and assimilationist. Public recognition of minority cultures is seen as reifying cultural differences, which, it is hoped will disappear one day in a melted, homogeneous new public culture.
Flemish policies towards minority cultures are never colour-blind, but colour conscious. Flanders explicitly intervenes with regard to minority cultures, albeit in a multiculturalist as in an assimilationist sense. Assimilationist policy seems to be far more dominant this last decade, particularly with regard to language and increasingly also for religion.
However, some multiculturalist policy tools seem to survive, with regard to language, religion and artistic policy. These are completely absent in Francophone Belgium. This paper has shown that the different degree of politicization of immigration in Flanders and Francophone Belgium do indeed play a role in explaining certain features of the Flemish versus Francophone cultural minority policies, and in particular the increasing interventionist assimilationism in Flanders.
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However, this explanatory variable cannot fully account for the regional policy divergence with regard to immigration related cultural diversity policies in Belgium. By insisting on the historical path dependency of the linguistic and religious cleavage and their overlap 66 , this paper offers an addendum to the politicization approach.
The linguistic and religious histories of Belgium clearly mitigate the impact of the politicization of immigration on both sides of the linguistic border. Cross national perspectives , London, Collier-Macmillan, Beleidsprioriteiten , p. Means, Objectives and Effects , London, Routledge, , p. Corijn E. Aangedreven door Lodel Toegang administrator. Different Regional Approaches to Cultural diversity Meer statistieken Weergave s : totaal aantal weergaves van de artikels van het tijdschrift De cijfers tussen haakjes geven het aantal weergaves binnen de ULg aan.
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This brief survey shows how for more than years Flemish people, most of them missionaries, have contributed within the context of their own 'mission' to a better understanding of Chinese people, and how substantial their contribution of The poet and prose writer J. Slauerhoff is one of the most important authors in Dutch literature. Critical views on his work have nevertheless always been mixed. This article paints a portrait of this 'Frisian Rimbaud', a late romantic whos Christine D'haen has proved to be one of the greatest poets to emerge since the Second World War.
She introduced new themes into Dutch literature: that of house and garden, children's games and games of love; and she did it from a feminine Godfried Vervisch has been painting almost nothing other but human figures for at least 30 years. In these pictures one can often recognise features of the painter. They also frequently depict women offering themselves in full-frontal naked The clear, powerful paintings of Robert Zandvliet demonstrate the zest for life of the art of painting.
He shows that the white canvas still holds a promise and hides a world of boundless possibilities. He is not encumbered by the ballast o Child or grownup, everyone in the Netherlands and Flanders is acquainted with his work. Despite the fact that for some reason or other his cartoon charac In the late nineties, theatre audiences in the Low Countries were treated to a series of remarkable Shakespeare productions, the chief event being the production of Tom Lanoye and Luk Perceval's 'To War', a startling production of Shakespea An essay about Frank Martinus Arion's novels, accentuating his central theme: a critical plea for the retention of all that is 'one's own'.
The Dutch have good reason to consider themselves a 'Guide Land', even today. Nor is the myth of their progressiveness merely built on empty self-image - the Dutch really are so, in fruitful, appealing ways. But all nations are prone to hub Apart from the technical mastery and the constantly surprising flights of imagination, the finest woodcuts of Masereel are particularly impressive for their accessibility to the many and for their poignancy, which has, in no small way, to d Edgar Tytgat was a child who was born old and did not get any older.
Time had a special relationship with this man who had wanted to be a clockmaker. Critics did not really know what to make of him. But he became an exceptional painter. The composer Peter Vermeersch is especially concerned to evoke images in his listeners' minds. Given the choice, he'll call himself a notemonger - someone who doesn't sit around waiting for inspiration, but is concerned with discipline, wit Inez van Lamsweerde created an international furore in the s with her appealing but slightly unsettling photos. The interest in this Dutch artist's work derives from the technical perfection it displays as well as, most certainly, the u Hadewijch's entire work, but especially the 'Poems in Stanzas', expresses in a way unique in her time the Middle Ages the condition of man confronted with the riddle of the absolute, the transcendent, whatever you want to call it - that s Hugo de Groot, better known as Grotius, is one of that select band of Dutchmen who can boast an enduring world-wide reputation.
Internationally he will always be regarded as 'the father of international law'. To many he is a visionary think The author tells of the yearning for death in the Middle Ages and the associated distaste for bodily things.
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Later this attitude gradually changed; enjoying life was no longer regarded as sinful and the human soul became more than an exile About birth in Flanders. These days birth is no longer a mysterious female event, but a medical one: the ancient rituals have been replaced by the consultant gynaecologist, advanced equipment, painless childbirth and Caesarean section.
In the Netherlands the birth of a child is inseparable from buttered rusk with muisjes. This piece tells the story of these coloured aniseed comfits and then goes on to describe the living-room culture prevailing in the Netherlands. In the year the sight of the dying and the dead is no longer part of daily life in Flanders. Here too the medical world has taken over; nowadays most Flemings die in the seclusion of a hospital ward, while laying out a corpse at home h A description of the old rituals in the Netherlands designed to allow people to cope with the confusion and grief attendant on a death.
As in Flanders, more and more Dutch people are opting for cremation. Here too we see death leaving the r The number of divorces rose, the birth rate fell and cohabitation increased. And today we see a rapid rise in the number of one-person Poems by Jan Moritoen? Bloem, Gerrit Achterberg, M. The author recounts the history of anatomical studies in the Low Countries. This article discusses both the radical scientific approach of Andreas Vesalius and the seventeenth-century anatomical pieces of Rembrandt and others.
In the field of abortion the Netherlands and Belgium are exceptional: the figures there are the lowest in the world, despite the liberal legislation on the subject. Consequently, the prevention of abortion seems to be a matter more of effic The story of capital punishment in Belgium. Though it was not officially removed from the statute book until , in practice sentence of death was automatically commuted to penal servitude with hard labour for life from as early as In the Netherlands the death penalty was abolished in In over half of the Dutch people questioned seemed to favour its reintroduction; but these figures are highly relative and are often governed by emotional factors such as an i Bachrach charts the Dutch influences on the work of Joseph Conrad.
We see Conrad signing on on the Highland Forest in Amsterdam. Later he dines in Borneo with the Dutch colonial trader Olmeyer, who would provide the model for the protagonis He works regularly in that country, and in his account he tells what fascinates him in Dutch society, from the landscape pai The author writes on aspects of the work of the painter Hans Broek: the influence of the Californian landscape, the house motif and the absence of man from the landscape.
A description of Antwerp's Zurenborgwijk as a miniature city of illusion. The diversity of building style in the houses, which date roughly from the turn of the nineteenth-twentieth century, make of the area a permanent architectural exhibi Vincent speculates about the international renown which Flemish author Willem Elsschot might have achieved if efforts to publish his work in English had been more successful.
However, he does not seek to portray Elsschot as a misunderstood A survey of the work of Dutch and Flemish jewellery designers. The author describes the differences between them, but also comments on the increasing cooperation between designers from the two regions. A discussion of the work of the Dutch poet Gerrit Kouwenaar, who in his verses faces up to life's complexity with courage and impressive honesty. With five poems by Gerrit Kouwenaar in English translation. His work is based on the principle of duality, in which images are confronted with the identity of their material support; for instance, in his ironing boards adorned with hera His inventive use of the printing-press has assured Hendrik N.
Werkman of a unique place in Dutch art history. This essay offers an overview of the work of this master-printer, whose social conscience and Resistance activities cost him his Millions of people have read Anne Frank's diary, but Ton Broos investigates what books Anne herself read. This article surveys the extensive oeuvre of Gerard Reve and discusses the author's controversial attitudes to sex, death and religion. With four extracts by Gerard Reve in English translation. A look at the work of the Flemish painter Emile Claus in its European perspective. Claus was influenced by the French impressionists, but the reception of his work in Belgium was rather lukewarm.
Progressive foreign critics, by contrast, pr The author recounts the history of socialism in Belgium. In the unitary Belgian party split into separate Flemish and He tells of the Flemish city's prosperity in the Middle Ages, its difficult relations with Emperor Charles V, its development as an industrial centre in the nineteenth century and the cultural Flemish writer Stefan Hertmans' personal account of Ghent. He says that he can't write about his city.
But of course he does, and then maintains that he has said nothing at all; at most he has captured something fleeting. About the life and work of Janus Secundus and his two brothers. The emphasis here is not on Janus Secundus' brilliant Latin poetry represented by a translated fragment but rather on the brothers' position as officials at the Burgundian co Youth theatre in the Low Countries is the subject of this article.
Nijhof's survey shows that the social commitment and educational ideals of the sixties and seventies have given way to a theatre in which experience, imagination and the pla Salverda discusses the multilingualism of Dutch society as the consequence of continuing migration.