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Alexa Actionable Analytics for the Web. Sell on Amazon Start a Selling Account. AmazonGlobal Ship Orders Internationally. Amazon Rapids Fun stories for kids on the go. ComiXology Thousands of Digital Comics. The colonies became independent in the early s.
Politically the country was once polarized on matters of religion and, in recent decades, it has faced new divisions over differences of language and unequal economic development. This ongoing antagonism has caused far-reaching reforms since the s , changing the formerly unitary Belgian state into a federal state, and repeated governmental crises. It is now divided into three regions: Flanders Dutch-speaking in the north, Wallonia French-speaking in the south, and bilingual Brussels in the middle.
There is also a German-speaking population along the border with Germany that was granted to Prussia in the Congress of Vienna in but added to Belgium following the Treaty of Versailles following World War I. German is the third official language of Belgium. Belgium was a name chosen when the modern country was created, but it has a long history. It is originally a classical name, used by Julius Caesar.
The term continued to be used occasionally in different ways until the creation of the modern country. While Caesar described the Belgian part of Gaul as a larger area, much bigger than modern Belgium, including large parts of modern France, Germany and the Netherlands, he only used the term "Belgium" once, referring to a smaller area now mostly in Northern France, where the tribes ruling the Belgian military alliance lived. Under Roman rule this region was the equivalent of the province of Belgica Secunda , which stretched into the coastal Flemish part of modern Belgium. Only slowly in modern times did the old term start to be used for the area to the north of the two Roman Belgica provinces, now the Netherlands and Belgium.
For example, it was sometimes used as a classical name for the northern " United Provinces ", roughly the predecessor of the modern Netherlands, after they separated from the Spanish-ruled south, roughly the predecessor of modern Belgium, in the early modern era. Belgium only began to be used exclusively for the southern part of the Netherlands when it was deliberately chosen as the new name for the new country, which broke out of the post-Waterloo kingdom of the Netherlands after a struggle which lasted from to On Belgian territory Neanderthal fossils were discovered at Engis in —30 and elsewhere, some dating back to at least , BCE.
The earliest Neolithic farming technology of northern Europe, the so-called LBK culture , reached the east of Belgium at its furthest northwesterly stretch from its origins in southeast Europe. The Belgian LBK is notable for its use of defensive walls around villages, something which may or may not have been necessary because of the proximity of hunter gatherers.
So-called Limburg pottery and La Hoguette pottery are styles which stretch into northwestern France and the Netherlands, but it has sometimes been argued that these technologies are the result of pottery technology spreading beyond the original LBK farming population of eastern Belgium and northeastern France, and being made by hunter gatherers. One notable archaeological site in this region is the Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes.
Farming in Belgium however failed to take permanent hold at first. The LBK and Blicquy cultures disappeared and there is a long gap before a new farming culture, the Michelsberg culture , appeared and became widespread.
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Hunter gatherers of the Swifterbant culture apparently remained in the sandy north of Belgium, but apparently became more and more influenced by farming and pottery technology. In the third and late fourth millennia BCE, the whole of Flanders shows relatively little evidence of human habitation.
Although it is felt that there was a continuing human presence, the types of evidence available make judgement about the details very difficult. To the north and east, in the Netherlands, a semi-sedentary culture group has been proposed to have existed, the so-called Vlaardingen-Wartburg-Stein complex, which possibly developed from the above-mentioned Swifterbant and Michelsburg cultures. In the last part of the Neolithic, evidence is found for the Corded Ware and Bell Beaker cultures in the south of the Netherlands, but these cultures also do not seem to have had a big impact in all of Belgium.
Three possibly related European cultures arrived in sequence. First the Urnfield culture arrived for example, tumuli are found at Ravels and Hamont-Achel in the Campine. This is because historical Greek and Roman records from areas where this culture settled show Celtic placenames and personal names. From BC Celtic tribes settled in the region and traded with the Mediterranean world.
From c. When Julius Caesar arrived in the region, as recorded in his De Bello Gallico , the inhabitants of Belgium, northwestern France, and the German Rhineland were known as the Belgae after whom modern Belgium is named , and they were considered to be the northern part of Gaul. The region of Luxembourg , including the part of the Belgian province of Luxembourg around Arlon , was inhabited by the Treveri , who were not listed by Caesar as Belgae, although the Romans later placed them in the province of the Belgae.
The exact nature of the distinction between the Belgae to the North and the Celts to the south, and the Germani across the Rhine, is disputed.
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It seems clear that Celtic culture and language were very influential upon the Belgae, especially those in modern France. On the other hand, linguists have proposed that there is evidence that the northern part of the Belgic population had previously spoken an Indo European language related to, but distinct from, Celtic and Germanic , and among the northern Belgae, Celtic may never have been the language of the majority.
See Belgian language and Nordwestblock. The leaders of the Belgic alliance which Caesar confronted were in modern France, the Suessiones , Viromandui and Ambiani and perhaps some of their neighbours, in an area that he appears to distinguish as the true "Belgium" of classical times.
The Menapii and northern Germani lived among low thorny forests, islands and swamps, and the central Belgian Nervii lands were deliberately planted with thick hedges, in order to be impenetrable to cavalry. There is also less archaeological evidence of large settlements and trade in the area. According to Tacitus , writing a generation later, the Germani cisrhenani who included the Eburones were in fact the original tribe to be called Germani , and all other uses of the term extended from them, though in his time the same people were now called the Tungri.
Modern linguists use the word "germanic" to refer to languages but it is not known for sure whether even the Belgian Germani spoke a Germanic language , and their tribal and personal names are clearly Celtic. This is in fact also true of the possibly related tribes across the Rhine from them at this time. Archaeologists have also had difficulty finding evidence of the exact migrations from east of the Rhine which Caesar reports and more generally there has been skepticism about using him in this way due to the political motives of his commentaries.
But the archaeological record gives the impression that the classical Belgian Germani were a relatively stable population going back to Urnfield times, with a more recently immigrated elite class who would have been of more interest to Caesar. These Roman provinces were broken into civitates , each with a capital city, and each representing one of the major tribal groups named by Caesar.
At first, only one, Tongeren capital of the Tungri, was in modern Belgium. The Nervian capital was in the south of the territory in modern France, at Bavay , and later moved to Cambrai.