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In addition to the data directly sourced from published literature, primary and unpublished occurrence data from national entomological surveys were obtained through contact with administrators of these surveys when possible Fig. This includes primary data for Ae. Similarly, Ae. All occurrences for Brazil were classified as polygons see geo-positioning methods as they represent surveys conducted in Brazilian municipalities with their respective centroids being used as geographic information in the database.

Primary and unpublished occurrence points for both species were provided by Elyazar for Indonesia. Moore and Barker provided summary data from the United States, collected between — from published and unpublished sources, including geographic location at the USA county administrative level which were included as polygons in the database. In addition, Teng added occurrence records for both species based on national entomological surveys performed in Taiwan between — European Ae.

All available location information was extracted for each occurrence from the relevant primary research article. Place names are often duplicated within a country, so contextual information was used to ensure the right site was selected. When the site name was not found, information from the text, was also used to scan sites in the approximate area to check for alternate spelling of the site name.

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This initial database then underwent spatial and temporal standardisation and finally technical validation. As the database was compiled from many different sources and several institutions, it was first necessary to standardise the data entries such that identical locations which may have been geo-positioned slightly differently were given the same unique identifier.


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Similarly, it was necessary to temporally standardise the database to avoid duplicates. We chose to define a single occurrence at a given unique location as identified above within one calendar year. This was particularly important for oversampled regions that undergo multiple yearly surveys such as Taiwan and involved a procedure which: i disaggregated any records which were in the same location but spanning multiple years into individual records for each respective year and then ii aggregated all records with the same unique location identifier and occurring within the same year to form a single occurrence record.

This led to 1, and records being removed for Ae. This database is publicly available online as a comma-delimited file for both species independently for ease of use and the ability to import it into a variety of software programs Data Citation 1. Each of the rows represents a single occurrence record one or more Aedes cases in the same unique location within a single calendar year.

The fields contained in the database are as follows:. The following procedures were carried out on the final database to ensure the accuracy and validity of the occurrence records.

We cross-validated all of the unique occurrence locations against temperature-based Aedes population persistence metrics developed by Brady et al. Population persistence was then predicted on a global scale using interpolated meteorological data Occurrences that fell outside this range were re-checked to ensure the quality of the occurrence records.

The result is a database consisting of 19, and 22, geo-positioned occurrences in total worldwide for Ae. In Figs 2 and 3 the global geographic distribution of both species is displayed. Figs 4 and 5 show occurrence records by year and region for both Ae. Colours indicate the number of mosquitoes recorded in each year with the size of the circles scaled respectively.


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The dataset described here can be used to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of Aedes distribution at multiple scales and resolutions. As Ae. We aimed at building a comprehensive set of data based on occurrences ever recorded globally including their respective dates to allow researchers as well as policy makers to filter the dataset based on their respective research questions.

This dataset was first used in an ecological niche modelling framework along with a set of environmental covariates to map the global distribution of each species Such maps can help to guide vector surveillance efforts in countries where the distribution of both species is not well-known, but which are at high risk for importation of related viruses. Regional biases in density of occurrence records are apparent and may be due to differences in the amount of regular surveillance, differences in the number of published studies and availability of routinely collected data.

Use on a global scale, however, would need to take into account geographical sampling bias as done in Kraemer et al. The method for accounting for sampling bias, however, might vary depending on the research question asked and methodology applied in subsequent analyses. How to cite this article: Kraemer, M. The global compendium of Aedes aegypti and Ae. Data doi: Reinert, J. Phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini Diptera: Culicidae. Hay, S. Global mapping of infectious disease. Sci , Juliano, S.

Ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health. Morrison, A. Defining challenges and proposing solutions for control of the virus vector Aedes aegypti. PLoS Med. Bhatt, S. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature , — Brady, O. Refining the global spatial limits of dengue virus transmission by evidence-based consensus. PLoS Negl. Staples, J. Chikungunya virus in the Americas—what a vectorborne pathogen can do. Sharp, T. Google Scholar. Powers, A. Chikungunya virus control: is a vaccine on the horizon? Lancet , — Schaffner, F.

Public health significance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. Garske, T. Yellow Fever in Africa: estimating the burden of disease and impact of mass vaccination from outbreak and serological data. Powell, J. History of domestication and spread of Aedes aegypti— a review.

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Oswaldo Cruz Suppl. Delatte, H. Geographic distribution and developmental sites of Aedes albopictus Diptera: Culicidae during a Chikungunya epidemic event. Vector borne zoonotic Dis. Zouache, K. Three-way interactions between mosquito population, viral strain and temperature underlying chikungunya virus transmission potential. Gubler, D. AsPac J. Dengue and dengue vectors in the WHO European region: past, present, and scenarios for the future.

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Oswaldo Cruz 98 , — Development of guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. Vectors 6 , Rapid protein profiling facilitates surveillance of invasive mosquito species. Vectors 7 , Carvalho, R. Updating the geographical distribution and frequency of Aedes albopictus in Brazil with remarks regarding its range in the Americas. Oswaldo Cruz , — Coelho, G. Challenges in the control of Aedes aegypti.

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Sao Paolo 54 , S13—S14 Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Food Agric. Global temperature constraints on Aedes aegypti and Ae. Hijmans, R. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Tatem, A. Global traffic and disease vector dispersal.

USA , — Hawley, W. Aedes albopictus in North America: probable introduction in used tires from northern Asia. Science , — Hofhuis, A. Kraemer, M. Publisher Correction: Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Nat Microbiol 4, Download citation. Published : 08 April Issue Date : May The Lancet Infectious Diseases Journal of Medical Entomology Journal of Virological Methods Cell Reports Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease Advanced search.

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