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Original Research ARTICLE
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The downside?
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The app is in dire need of a redesign. The best GIF-maker apps and websites for The best cloud storage services for The best note-taking apps for iOS and Android. Size comparison: iPhone 12 vs. How to change your background in Zoom. The best Android games currently available November Soilless plant culture is any mechanism of growing plants without the benefit of soil as rooting medium Schmilewski, ; Savvas et al. The enduring transfer from soil to soilless culture systems is also advanced by a good management of various essential factors, partly responsible for enhanced plant performance Barrett et al.
Soilless horticultural systems have benefits over soil based systems in that the nutrients Dubik et al. Soil-based organic culture systems are typified by a combination of low external input methods. It gives next to other measures preference to improving the soil with compost additions and animal and plant derived green manures Reganold and Wachter, However, resource efficiency and production yields in these soil based organic culture systems are relatively low Rahmann et al.
Soil-based and soilless culture systems rely upon physicochemical features, which are distinct for each culture system. Soil and soilless culture systems have diverse physical and hydraulic characteristics Raviv and Lieth, Soil-grown plants are encountered with relatively high water availability shortly after fertigation Bunt, Another basic trait of soilless cultivation over soil-based cultivation is the boundless root volume, while in soilless culture the root volume is containerized Raviv et al. Nutrients, pH and the electrical conductivity EC are influential chemical properties Lauber et al.
It was demonstrated, that soilless organic growing media have particular niches for diverse bacterial communities with temporal functional stability Grunert et al. New or sterilized growing media usually experience the absence of a diverse and competitive microbiome Raviv and Lieth, ; Postma, ; Grunert et al. It is postulated that organic peat based growing media used in tomato cultivation systems are mainly colonized by fungi, actinomycetes and Trichoderma spp. Khalil and Alsanius, ; Koohakan et al. In addition, changes in the soil water content as a result of fertigation activities greatly impacts microbial activity and community structure Fierer et al.
Engineering the microbial community of soilless culture systems might help to work out approaches to progress toward a more sustainable horticulture with increased productivity, quality and sustainability. However, little comparative research has been performed on the bacterial and fungal composition and development during crop growth in soil and soilless culture systems supplemented with organic and chemical fertilizers.
Thus, improved understanding of the variability over time in soil and soilless microbial communities amended with organic and chemical fertilizers will provide insight into the factors influencing the overall diversity and might help developing advanced soil and soilless culture systems. The present study used a multidisciplinary approach to study tomato cultivation systems and the overall objective of the research was to carry out an in-depth observation of four contrasting tomato cultivation systems during one growing season on the composition of the bacterial and the fungal microbiome.
The objectives of the experiment were twofold. First, the effect of four different tomato cultivation systems on plant performance was studied and second changes in microbial community composition during days after sowing were assessed.
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Assuming that each of the four contrasting tomato cultivation systems and different nutrient management have an influence on physico-chemical characteristics, we hypothesized that i the soil and soilless culture based edaphic properties, which are strongly altered during one tomato growing season, consecutively affect the bacterial and fungal microbial community structure.
Moreover, we hypothesized that ii the community changes caused by four contrasting fertilization strategies included shifts in the abundance of various plant-beneficial soil- and soilless culture based microorganisms, thus influencing plant performance. Four contrasting tomato cultivation systems were used, i. The compartment for the soilless culture system was split in two sections. In the first section liquid organic fertilizer solutions GBOF through the fertigation systems, while in the second section plants were fertilized with fish effluent supplemented with mineral fertilizer GBFISH.
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For most of the European countries and for all member states of the European Union EU , organic farming is strictly defined by the European Commission EC and these rules were followed for the soil based system. Slabs for the soilless culture system were placed in gutters and each gutter contained 6 slabs.
Slabs of GB had the following dimensions: 1. The mature plants 5 plants per slab with a visible first truss were placed on the slabs in the soilless culture system and directly on the soil in the soil based system Figure 1. This was done on the same date 55 DAS. Plant density was 2. The high-wire system was used for the tomato cultivation. In this system the growing tip remained at the top of the canopy and the stem was lowered allowing maximum light interception of the head of the plant.
The plants grown in the organically managed soil had about L soil plant —1 at their disposal, assuming that the plants used between 0 and 30 cm of the top layer for rooting, while the plants in the soilless culture system had about 3. For sampling only the inner plants were used to avoid border effects. Water gift was registerend for all the tomato cultivating systems Supplementary Figure S2.
All guidelines according to organic greenhouse tomato production, with respect to organic fertilizers and pesticides use, were followed. Side shoots developed from every axil and these side shoots were removed on a weekly basis leaving only one main stem as a growing point. Uniform fruit size was maintained by fruit pruning and thereby controlling the number of fruits left on the truss, i. Figure 1.
Overview of the experimental set-up showing one experimental unit per treatment. The glass house was divided into three compartments S91, S92, and S93 with a surface of 80 m 2 for each compartment. The compartment for the soilless culture system S91 was subdivided into two part. In S92 and S93 the previous cultures were tomato in , pepper in and cucumber in Plant density was the same for all the treatment 2.
For the soilless culture system and soil-based system five experimental units were randomly selected from the different compartments.
The blocking compost had the following dimensions The tomato plants were grown until mature plants 5 plants per slab with a visible first truss and which was as wide as it was tall. The glasshouse was divided into three compartments S91, S92, and S93 and every compartment had a surface of 80 m 2 with equal climatic conditions. Compartment S91 was used for both soilless culture systems and S92 and S93 was used for the soil based tomato cultivation system. An overview of the experimental set-up can be found in Figure 1. The glasshouse experiment started on the 11th of February and ended on the 4th of November Trichoderma harzanium Koppert, Netherlands is a biolgical fungicide and used to protect the plants against soil borne diseases, such as Pythium spp.
Serenade Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from Bayer Crop Science Germany and magnesium sulfate were used to protect the plants against Oidium lycopersici.