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Brussel Dating. The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands. A few of Amsterdam's notable residents throughout history include: painters Rembrandt and Van Gogh , the diarist Anne Frank , and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. After the floods of and , locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river and a dam across it, giving its name to the village: "Aemstelredamme".
The earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated 27 October , which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. The certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme people residing near Amestelledamme. Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen , Rotterdam , and Utrecht. In October , historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century.
This does not necessarily mean that there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat , for use as fuel. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either or In , an alleged Eucharistic miracle in Kalverstraat rendered the city an important place of pilgrimage until the adoption of the Protestant faith.
The Miracle devotion went underground but was kept alive. In the 19th century, especially after the jubilee of , the devotion was revitalized and became an important national point of reference for Dutch Catholics.
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The Stille Omgang —a silent walk or procession in civil attire—is the expression of the pilgrimage within the Protestant Netherlands since the late 19th century. In the 21st century, this has reduced to about The main reasons for the uprising were the imposition of new taxes, the tenth penny, and the religious persecution of Protestants by the newly introduced Inquisition. The revolt escalated into the Eighty Years' War , which ultimately led to Dutch independence.
Jews from the Iberian Peninsula , Huguenots from France, prosperous merchants and printers from Flanders , and economic and religious refugees from the Spanish-controlled parts of the Low Countries found safety in Amsterdam. The influx of Flemish printers and the city's intellectual tolerance made Amsterdam a centre for the European free press.
The 17th century is considered Amsterdam's Golden Age , during which it became the wealthiest city in the western world. These companies acquired overseas possessions that later became Dutch colonies. Amsterdam was Europe's most important point for the shipment of goods and was the leading Financial centre of the western world. Amsterdam's prosperity declined during the 18th and early 19th centuries.
During the Napoleonic Wars , Amsterdam's significance reached its lowest point, with Holland being absorbed into the French Empire. However, the later establishment of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in marked a turning point. The end of the 19th century is sometimes called Amsterdam's second Golden Age. Both projects dramatically improved commerce with the rest of Europe and the world.
Shortly before the First World War, the city started to expand again, and new suburbs were built. Even though the Netherlands remained neutral in this war, Amsterdam suffered a food shortage, and heating fuel became scarce. The shortages sparked riots in which several people were killed.
These riots are known as the Aardappeloproer Potato rebellion. People started looting stores and warehouses in order to get supplies, mainly food. On 1 January , after a flood in , the depleted municipalities of Durgerdam, Holysloot, Zunderdorp and Schellingwoude , all lying north of Amsterdam, were, at their own request, annexed to the city.
Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May and took control of the country. Some Amsterdam citizens sheltered Jews, thereby exposing themselves and their families to a high risk of being imprisoned or sent to concentration camps. More than , Dutch Jews were deported to Nazi concentration camps , of whom some 60, lived in Amsterdam. In response, the Dutch Communist Party organised the February strike attended by , people to protest against the raids. Perhaps the most famous deportee was the young Jewish girl Anne Frank , who died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
Many citizens travelled to the countryside to forage. Dogs, cats, raw sugar beets, and tulip bulbs—cooked to a pulp—were consumed to stay alive. Because of the war and other events of the 20th century, almost the entire city centre had fallen into disrepair. As society was changing, [ clarification needed ] politicians and other influential figures made plans to redesign large parts of it. There was an increasing demand for office buildings, and also for new roads, as the automobile became available to most people. Further plans were to build a new highway above the metro to connect Amsterdam Centraal and the city centre with other parts of the city.
The required large-scale demolitions began in Amsterdam's former Jewish neighbourhood. Smaller streets, such as the Jodenbreestraat and Weesperstraat, were widened and almost all houses and buildings were demolished. At the peak of the demolition, the Nieuwmarktrellen Nieuwmarkt Riots broke out; [49] the rioters expressed their fury about the demolition caused by the restructuring of the city. As a result, the demolition was stopped and the highway into the city's centre was never fully built; only the metro was completed.
Only a few streets remained widened. The new city hall was built on the almost completely demolished Waterlooplein. Meanwhile, large private organisations, such as Stadsherstel Amsterdam , were founded to restore the entire city centre. Although the success of this struggle is visible today, efforts for further restoration are still ongoing.
Real estate prices have surged, and local shops are making way for tourist-oriented ones, making the centre unaffordable for the city's inhabitants. Construction of a metro line connecting the part of the city north of the river or lake IJ to the centre was started in The project was controversial because its cost had exceeded its budget by a factor three by , [56] because of fears of damage to buildings in the centre, and because construction had to be halted and restarted multiple times. Since , renewed focus has been given to urban regeneration and renewal, especially in areas directly bordering the city centre, such as Frederik Hendrikbuurt.
This urban renewal and expansion of the traditional centre of the city—with the construction on artificial islands of the new eastern IJburg neighbourhood—is part of the Structural Vision Amsterdam initiative. Amsterdam is located in the Western Netherlands, in the province of North Holland , the capital of which is not Amsterdam, but rather Haarlem. The river Amstel ends in the city centre and connects to a large number of canals that eventually terminate in the IJ. Amsterdam is about 2 metres 6. A man-made forest, Amsterdamse Bos , is in the southwest.
Amsterdam is intensely urbanised, as is the Amsterdam metropolitan area surrounding the city. Comprising The city's three main canals are the Prinsengracht, Herengracht, and Keizersgracht.
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In the Middle Ages , Amsterdam was surrounded by a moat, called the Singel , which now forms the innermost ring in the city, and gives the city centre a horseshoe shape. The city is also served by a seaport. It has been compared with Venice , due to its division into about 90 islands, which are linked by more than 1, bridges.
While winters are cool and summers warm, temperatures vary year by year. There can occasionally be cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers. Frosts mainly occur during spells of easterly or northeasterly winds from the inner European continent. Summers are moderately warm with a number of hot days every month. The average daily high in August is Cloudy and damp days are common during the cooler months of October through March. In , Amsterdam's population was around 1, people.
This changed when, during the Dutch Revolt , many people from the Southern Netherlands fled to the North, especially after Antwerp fell to Spanish forces in In , Amsterdam was the fourth largest city in western Europe , behind London , , Paris , and Naples , In contrast to those other metropolises, Amsterdam was also surrounded by large towns such as Leiden about 67, , Rotterdam 45, , Haarlem 38, , and Utrecht 30, The city's population declined in the early 19th century, [82] dipping under , in Also in the s, much of Amsterdam's population growth was due to immigration to the city.
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The Westphalians came to Amsterdam mostly for economic reasons — their influx continued through the 18th and 19th centuries. Just twenty percent of them survived the Shoah. The first mass immigration in the 20th century was by people from Indonesia, who came to Amsterdam after the independence of the Dutch East Indies in the s and s. After the independence of Suriname in , a large wave of Surinamese settled in Amsterdam, mostly in the Bijlmer area. Other immigrants, including refugees asylum seekers and illegal immigrants , came from Europe, America , Asia, and Africa.