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It is obvious that modern housing and living-conditions alone made such a city possible. Traces of Romanesque pot- tery have been discovered in the ruins of native kilns to the north. The names of Roman goddesses are decipher- able on the foundation stones of crumbling altars, the length and breadth of the duchy. The Romans pass on and the old traditions are pre- served and new ones manufactured by a new group of dic- tators operating a new system, of civilization.
The castles and the feudal system may be said to be developments from the same source. Chaos came with the decaying of the Roman Empire. Although new conquerors arose and flashed briefly across the historical firmament, the control of the rulers over their scattered subjects became looser and looser.
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Armies were recruited and the law, such as it was, administered through the nobles. And the nobles through centuries of despotic rule found themselves the overlords of petty kingdoms. They built the castles as fortresses rather than homes and fought hundreds of wars too insignificant to find a place in history but of terrible moment to the Rhine coun- try and the illustrious Ardennes. Every district had its private king.
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Every king had his own battle preserves and resented any incursions by his neighbors into the zones where he reserved the right of pillage, murder, and loot. They may not have enjoyed serfdom and its obbligato of hard labor with few comforts, but the system had points of superiority over private enterprise in competition with the numerous destructive forces that made life a burden for one who was prosperous.
The serf did n't own the land that he tilled, and his recompense was slight, but usually he got three meals a day; and in rural Luxem- burg, which is prosperous if any section of Europe may be called prosperous, he gets but little more out of the free and enlightened life of to-day. Serfdom is born in the peasant. His love of liberty and intense patriotism may, after all, be merely an atavis- tic instinct of rebellion, — the urge of the iron-collared slave against the yoke of a feudal master, outcropping in the slave's descendant.
Human nature, if we may judge from the evidences of all the epochs that are trace- able in Luxemburg's rocky hills, has changed but little in two thousand years. Old ideas remain, old stories are told, and old ghosts walk abroad in the land. But some of it is necessary. Only in the understanding of the stock from which the castle ghosts are sprung can one appreciate the immortality with which long-accepted tradition has endowed them.
Ghostly itself is the history of Luxemburg, — ghostly and ghastly, — with a past peopled by strange races first cousins to the characters of the piquant myths that are their sole bequest to the unimaginative present, with a modern existence unalterably linked with the destinies of the world.
Luxemburg at present comprises square miles of territory and about a quarter of a million inhabitants. At the time of its greatest glory it was but little larger. But for centuries it has been the axis about which the affairs of Europe have turned. It has been as definite an influence in the life of Americans as was Plymouth Rock.
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For thirteen hundred years before Rome was built, stood Treves; may it stand in eace forever. Thus read an inscription in Latin upon a house in the ancient city of emperors. If it may be accepted at face- value, it is an indication that in this region Rome built her civilization upon the foundations of a civilization that had gone before.
Treves remains to-day, despite the zeal of German archaeologists who have obilterated its ro-. Here as ever comes legend. It is said that the city was founded by Trebeta, stepson of Semiramis, Queen of Assyria. But the native imagi- nation, which does not hesitate to describe the color of Satan's cloak or give a name to any lost soul that moans among the crumbling rocks of a castle ruin, is silent when called upon to tell more of this story of how Treves came to exist. Wliether Trebeta brought with him sufficient Assyr- ians to found a colony or merely impressed upon the nomads of the vicinity the force of his leadership, is as unexplainable as his coming itself.
The tribe that in- habited the lands adjacent to Treves was known as the Treviri, but it would be difficult to say whether the tribe was named after the city or the city after the tribe. Not until Julius Csesar of facile pen and ready strategy came into the land with the eagles of Rome does the actual story of Luxemburg and its en- virons emerge from its slim chapters of conjecture into the more enduring passages of a great egotist's military note- book.
So begins the history of the haunted castles and the men who made them. Caesar's mention of the bravery of some of the Gallic tribes, particularly of the Belgae, whose habitat was north- ern Luxemburg and Brabant, indicates that the melting- pot had been in potent operation some generations before he tested its product with battle-ax and lance.
The war- like Teuton already had left the imprint of his prowess upon the Celts, stirring them from their laziness, be- queathing to them his stamina and his will. The Gauls of Caesar's day were tribes of fighting-men whose accom- plishments upon the battle-field are better judged by the Romans' pains to subdue them than by the half-praises grudgingly given them in the commentaries. The proprietorship of the illustrious Luxemburg was divided, at the time of Caesar's coming, between the Trev- iri on the south and east and the Eburones on the north and west.
It traverses the table-land between the Alzette and Sure rivers and is dotted along its entire length with villages, the names of which end in "scheid," which signifies a divide or a part- ing. For all that they were sprung from the same stock, the Treviri and the Eburones did not get along too well to- gether. The Eburones were a Gallic tribe and made no bones about it.
The Treviri were intensely proud of their Teuton ancestry and refused to be classed with the Celts, who were their cousins. Caesar, looking upon them with an eye unbiased by any ancestral pride, classifies them as Gauls. The wily Caesar was quick to recognize the advantages that might come to him through the attitude of the Treviri toward their neighbors. After the de. The extent of their "freedom" was problematical. For there were always sufficient legions in Gaul to maintain a proper respect for the Roman eagles should occasion arise.
But the compliment was accepted at face-value by the Treviri. Although their leaders had been divided in the debate over whether it might not be better to fight the Romans than aid them, and though many a young man of the Trevirians had lost his life in maintaining one side or another of that unsettled issue, the declaration of free- 34 GHOSTS dom was followed by a prompt and unanimous alliance with Rome.
If credulity was, as has been said, one of the outstanding characteristics of the ancient Celts, this Roman alliance alone would seem to place the brand of Gaul upon the Treviri. They paid Caesar for the compliment he had bestowed upon them. They fought for him in his invasion. They arrayed themselves against Pompey at Pharsalia.
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They became an integral factor in the Roman military estab- lishment. And this brought them a new reward. They were ad- mitted to Roman citizenship, with new rights to bear arms for Rome. They functioned ornamentally as well as usefully in the Praetorian Guard and even sent a few of their number to the senate.
Treves became a Roman colony and the Ardennes region, the forest Arduenna of Caesar's commentaries, became a sort of distant suburb of Rome. The products of Belgica — notably the smoked pork of the Ardennes — became famous in Rome. The vineyards of the Moselle entered into successful competition with those upon the slopes of Italy.
Ardenne, the conquered, was preparing to undo its conquerors by supplying them with luxuries. Then Caesar fell at the base of Pompey's pillar.
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They were crushed. And more liberties disap- peared in the crushing. There came Claudius Civilis and the Batavian revolt. The Bructerian witch, a necromancer of great power and deep divination, is said to have caused the uprising.
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Dead Gauls counseled the ferocious thrust against the Roman yoke and after that there were more dead Gauls to bear them company. The Romans stayed on and what privileges the Belgae received were those that the Romans chose to give them. The foundations of Luxemburg were receiving a firm grounding in the ashes of defeat. The Gallo-Teuton races of the district were being purified with a new rea- gent, fortitude. Love of country had a real meaning for them, for it is notable among peoples of a Celtic strain that oppression solidifies them. Civilization, acquired unconsciously from their conquerors, was fitting them for a role in the world's affairs.
From the second to the fourth century Rome, with no new worlds to conquer, turned its attention to the better- ment of the peoples already under its control. Treves at this time came to the height of its glory, — a place remark- able for its museum, its baths, its amphitheater, the palace of Constantine, and the Porta Nigra.
Military roads were constructed between the numerous fortresses and camps built by the Romans at the high tide of their inva- 36 GHOSTS sion. One ran from Treves to Rheims, past the great rock that was to furnish the site of Luxemburg city.