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Finally, Kazakhstan not a member of the Council of Europe joined in This makes a total of 47 member states. Monaco and San Marino are the only members of the Council of Europe which have not adopted the convention. The other European nation that is eligible to join, but has not, is Belarus. There are a number of multinational research institutions based in Europe. Of these, eight are engaged in the EIROforum collaboration. The European Health Insurance Card or EHIC is issued free of charge and allows anyone who is insured by or covered by a statutory social security scheme of the EEA countries and Switzerland to receive medical treatment in another member state for free or at a reduced cost, if that treatment becomes necessary during their visit for example, due to illness or an accident , or if they have a chronic pre-existing condition which requires care such as kidney dialysis.
They include national health ministries, national competence centres, social insurance institutions and scientific institutions as well as technical and administrative management entities. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is a document enshrining certain fundamental rights. The wording of the document has been agreed at ministerial level and has been incorporated into the Treaty of Lisbon. Poland and the United Kingdom have negotiated an opt out from this Charter.
The European integration process has extended the right of foreigners to vote. Thus, European Union citizens were given voting rights in local elections by the Maastricht Treaty. Several member states Belgium, Luxembourg, Lithuania, and Slovenia have extended since then the right to vote to all foreign residents. This was already the case in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden. Further, voting and eligibility rights are granted among citizens of the Nordic Passport Union , and between numerous countries through bilateral treaties i. Ireland and the United Kingdom. The main purpose of the establishment of the Schengen Agreement is the abolition of physical borders among European countries.
A total of 30 states, including 26 European Union states all except Ireland, which is part of the Common travel area with the United Kingdom and four non-EU members Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland , are subject to the Schengen rules.
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Its provisions have already been implemented by 26 states, leaving just Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, and Romania to do so among signatory states. European Union has visa-free regime agreements with some European countries outside EU and discussing such agreements with others; Armenia, [31] Russia, [32] [33] Ukraine, [34] and Moldova.
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There are a number of multi-national military and peacekeeping forces which are ultimately under the command of the EU, and therefore can be seen as the core for a future European Union army. With this agreement the EU is given the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO does not want to act itself — the so-called "right of first refusal". Greece and Turkey joined the alliance in , and West Germany did the same in Spain entered in In , Croatia and Albania joined.
In , Ukraine and Georgia were told that they will also eventually become members. On 22 May , the member states of the European Union have agreed to create a common political framework for space activities in Europe by unifying the approach of the European Space Agency ESA with those of the individual European Union member states. However, ESA is an intergovernmental organisation with no formal organic link to the EU; indeed the two institutions have different member states and are governed by different rules and procedures. Ireland joined on 31 December In , Austria and Norway became member states.
Finland joined in , Portugal in , Greece and Luxembourg in , the Czech Republic in , and Romania in In addition, Canada has had the special status of a Cooperating State under a series of cooperation agreements dating since Poland [45] has joined on 19 November A small group of EU member states have joined all European treaties, instead of opting out on some.
They drive the development of a federal model for the European integration. This is linked to the concept of Multi-speed Europe where some countries would create a core union; and goes back to the Inner Six references to the founding member states of the European Communities. At present the formation of a formal Core Europe Federation "a federation within the confederation" had been held off at every occasion that such a federation treaty had been discussed.
Thus, among the 27 EU countries, 19 have joined the Eurozone, 22 have joined Schengen, and 26 compose the European Military. Further, some countries which do not belong to the EU have joined several of these initiatives, albeit sometimes at a lower stage such as the Customs Union , the Common Market EEA , or even unilaterally adopting the euro; by taking part in Schengen , either as a signatory state, or de facto ; or by joining some common military forces.
Thus, six non-EU countries have adopted the euro four through an agreement with the EU and two unilaterally , four non-EU states have joined the Schengen agreement officially, and other countries have joined common military corps.
The following table shows the status of each state membership to the different agreements promoted by the EU. It lists 45 countries, including the 27 EU member states, 5 candidate states, members of EEA 2 countries plus one EU candidate , 3 countries with some soft ties to the EU, such as those with SAA or participation agreements, as well as the 4 remaining Microstates Liechtenstein is an EEA member and Switzerland which has multiple bilateral treaties with the EU, as well as two Eastern Partner states.
Hence, this table summarises some components of EU laws applied in the European states. Some territories of EU member states also have a special status in regard to EU laws applied. Some territories of EFTA member states also have a special status in regard to EU laws applied as is the case with some European microstates.
For member states that do not have special-status territories the EU law applies fully with the exception of the opt-outs in the European Union and states under a safeguard clause or alternatively some states participate in enhanced co-operation between a subset of the EU members. There is no fixed end to the process of integration. Integration may conflict with national sovereignty and cultural identity , and is opposed by eurosceptics.
To the east of the European Union, the countries of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia launched the creation of the Eurasian Union in the year , which was subsequently joined by Armenia and Kyrgyzstan. Other states in the region, such as Moldova and Tajikistan may also join. Meanwhile, the post-Soviet disputed states of Abkhazia , Artsakh , South Ossetia , and Transnistria have created the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations to closer integrate among each other. Several countries in Eastern Europe have engaged the EU with the aim to grow economic and political ties.
The Euronest Parliamentary Assembly , established in , is the inter-parliamentary forum in which members of the European Parliament and the national parliaments of Ukraine , Moldova , Belarus , Armenia , Azerbaijan and Georgia participate and forge closer political and economic ties with the European Union. The Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and the Community of Democratic Choice are other organizations established to promote European integration, stability, and democracy. In , Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced a new concept for Russian foreign politics and called for the creation of a common space in Euro-Atlantic and Eurasia area "from Vancouver to Vladivostok".
On the other hand, U. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in a German newspaper in called for common economic space, free-trade area or more advanced economic integration, stretching from Lisbon to Vladivostok.
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This idea was fully incorporated in the resolution of the Moscow Legal Forum. The Forum gathered representatives of more than 20 countries including 10 CIS countries. The concept said: "Obviously, to improve its legislation Russia and other countries of CIS should be oriented toward the continental legal family of European law. The civil law system is much closer to the Russian and other CIS countries will be instrumental in harmonising legislation of CIS countries and the European Community but all values of common law should be also investigated on the subject of possible implementation in some laws and norms.
It is suggested that the introduction of the concept of a Single legal space and a single Rule of Law space for Europe and CIS be implemented in four steps:. The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership or Barcelona Process was organised by the European Union to strengthen its relations with the countries in the Mashriq and Maghreb regions.
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It started in with the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference , and it has been developed in successive annual meetings. The European Union enlargement of brought two more Mediterranean countries Cyprus and Malta into the Union, while adding a total of 10 to the number of Member States. Libya has had observer status since The Union for the Mediterranean is a community of countries, mostly bordering the Mediterranean Sea , established in July Further, it will be the first partner to go beyond association by enhancing political and economic ties, entering the Single Market, and participating in some EU agencies.
A visa-free regime operates among members and a free-trade area is planned. Ukraine is not an official member, but has participated in the organisation. Some members are more integrated than others, for example Russia and Belarus form a Union State.
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A common currency is also planned, potentially to be named "evraz". Some other countries in the region, such as Moldova are potential members of these organisations. The post-Soviet disputed states of Abkhazia , Artsakh , South Ossetia , and Transnistria are all members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations which aims to forge closer integration.
The European Union has made loose organisations and meeting with some other countries and regions.
European countries like the United Kingdom , France , Spain , Portugal have made organisations with other countries in the world with which they have strong cultural and historical links. English is considered to be the global lingua franca. European languages like English, French , Spanish , Portuguese , Italian , Russian and German are official, co-official or widely in use in many countries with a colonial past or with a European diaspora. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the process of state integration into Europe. For the political doctrine of a common European culture, see Europeanism.