Or read them right here In the meantime you can walk through the entire exhibition in this 3D visit. Keith Haring's cartoon characters are not only nice to look at, they are also a source of inspiration. Dive into the eighties with some challenging and fun activities for young and old.
Norway - Wikipedia
Philosophizing, creative tinkering or just losing all your energy in dancing? If you have bought a ticket for a guided tour, it will remain valid after 18 M An enthusiastic guide inspires them to analyse images, think critically and debate in group discussions and exercises. The main ob If you have bought a ticket for a discovery trail, it will remain valid between May 19 and July 21 for a visit to the Keith Haring exhibiti Although their work is very different, they were both part of the New York underground sc Discovery trails taking place before 3 May are cancelled. Visit this page for more information or to request a refund.
This exhibition is currently closed until 19 April. Fancy a culture sandwich? If you have bought a ticket for the Family Weekend, it will remain valid for a visit to the Keith Haring exhibition between 19 May and 21 July During an afternoon, only you will have access to the Keith Haring exhibition rooms to enjoy your interactiv When the first case of AIDS was confirmed in the United States on 5 June nobody could have imagined the impact this disease would have on the world.
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In a Latin manuscript of , the name Northuagia is mentioned, while a French chronicle of c. He also said that beyond the wide wilderness in Norway's southern part was the land of the Swedes, "Svealand". The adjective Norwegian , recorded from c. After Norway had become Christian, Noregr and Noregi had become the most common forms, but during the 15th century, the newer forms Noreg h and Norg h e , found in medieval Icelandic manuscripts, took over and have survived until the modern day.
The first inhabitants were the Ahrensburg culture 11th to 10th millennia BC , which was a late Upper Paleolithic culture during the Younger Dryas, the last period of cold at the end of the Weichselian glaciation. The oldest finds are stone tools dating from 9, to 6, BC, discovered in Finnmark Komsa culture in the north and Rogaland Fosna culture in the south-west.
More recent finds along the entire coast revealed to archaeologists that the difference between the two can simply be ascribed to different types of tools and not to different cultures. Coastal fauna provided a means of livelihood for fishermen and hunters, who may have made their way along the southern coast about 10, BC when the interior was still covered with ice.
It is now thought that these so-called "Arctic" peoples came from the south and followed the coast northward considerably later. In the southern part of the country are dwelling sites dating from about 5, BC. Finds from these sites give a clearer idea of the life of the hunting and fishing peoples. The implements vary in shape and mostly are made of different kinds of stone; those of later periods are more skilfully made.
Rock carvings i. They represent game such as deer , reindeer , elk , bears, birds, seals , whales, and fish especially salmon and halibut , all of which were vital to the way of life of the coastal peoples. The rock carvings at Alta in Finnmark, the largest in Scandinavia, were made at sea level from 4, to BC and mark the progression of the land as the sea rose after the last ice age ended. They were Indo-European farmers who grew grain and kept cows and sheep. The hunting-fishing population of the west coast was also gradually replaced by farmers, though hunting and fishing remained useful secondary means of livelihood.
From about BC, bronze was gradually introduced, but the use of stone implements continued; Norway had few riches to barter for bronze goods, and the few finds consist mostly of elaborate weapons and brooches that only chieftains could afford. Huge burial cairns built close to the sea as far north as Harstad and also inland in the south are characteristic of this period. The motifs of the rock carvings differ slightly from those typical of the Stone Age. Representations of the Sun, animals, trees, weapons, ships, and people are all strongly stylised.
Thousands of rock carvings from this period depict ships, and the large stone burial monuments known as stone ships , suggest that ships and seafaring played an important role in the culture at large. The depicted ships most likely represent sewn plank built canoes used for warfare, fishing and trade. These ship types may have their origin as far back as the neolithic period and they continue into the Pre-Roman Iron Age, as exemplified by the Hjortspring boat.
Little has been found dating from the early Iron Age the last years BC. The dead were cremated, and their graves contain few burial goods. About 70 Roman bronze cauldrons, often used as burial urns, have been found. Contact with the civilised countries farther south brought a knowledge of runes ; the oldest known Norwegian runic inscription dates from the 3rd century. At this time, the amount of settled area in the country increased, a development that can be traced by coordinated studies of topography , archaeology , and place-names. The destruction of the Western Roman Empire by the Germanic peoples in the 5th century is characterised by rich finds, including tribal chiefs ' graves containing magnificent weapons and gold objects.
These houses were family homesteads where several generations lived together, with people and cattle under one roof. These states were based on either clans or tribes e. By the 9th century, each of these small states had things local or regional assemblies for negotiating and settling disputes. The regional things united to form even larger units: assemblies of deputy yeomen from several regions.
In this way, the lagting assemblies for negotiations and lawmaking developed. The Gulating had its meeting place by Sognefjord and may have been the centre of an aristocratic confederation [ citation needed ] along the western fjords and islands called the Gulatingslag. The Frostating was the assembly for the leaders in the Trondheimsfjord area; the Earls of Lade , near Trondheim , seem to have enlarged the Frostatingslag by adding the coastland from Romsdalsfjord to Lofoten.
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From the 8th to the 10th century, the wider Scandinavian region was the source of Vikings. The looting of the monastery at Lindisfarne in Northeast England in by Norse people has long been regarded as the event which marked the beginning of the Viking Age. They colonised , raided, and traded in all parts of Europe. Norwegian Viking explorers discovered Iceland by accident in the 9th century when heading for the Faroe Islands , and eventually came across Vinland , known today as Newfoundland , in Canada. According to tradition, Harald Fairhair unified them into one in after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger , thus becoming the first king of a united Norway.
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Fairhair ruled with a strong hand and according to the sagas, many Norwegians left the country to live in Iceland, the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and parts of Britain and Ireland. Norse traditions were replaced slowly by Christian ones in the late 10th and early 11th centuries. One of the most important sources for the history of the 11th century Vikings is the treaty between the Icelanders and Olaf Haraldsson, king of Norway circa to Haakon the Good was Norway's first Christian king, in the midth century, though his attempt to introduce the religion was rejected.
Born sometime in between and , Olav Tryggvasson set off raiding in England with ships. He attacked London during this raiding. Arriving back in Norway in , Olav landed in Moster. There he built a church which became the first Christian church ever built in Norway.
Feudalism never really developed in Norway or Sweden, as it did in the rest of Europe. However, the administration of government took on a very conservative feudal character. The Hanseatic League forced the royalty to cede to them greater and greater concessions over foreign trade and the economy. The League had this hold over the royalty because of the loans the Hansa had made to the royalty and the large debt the kings were carrying.
The League's monopolistic control over the economy of Norway put pressure on all classes, especially the peasantry, to the degree that no real burgher class existed in Norway. From the s to , the country was at peace.
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For periods there could be peace, before a lesser son allied himself with a chieftain and started a new conflict. The Archdiocese of Nidaros was created in and attempted to control the appointment of kings. From to , the population increased from , to ,, resulting both in more land being cleared and the subdivision of farms. While in the Viking Age all farmers owned their own land, by , seventy percent of the land was owned by the king, the church, or the aristocracy.
This was a gradual process which took place because of farmers borrowing money in poor times and not being able to repay. However, tenants always remained free men and the large distances and often scattered ownership meant that they enjoyed much more freedom than continental serfs. In the 13th century, about twenty percent of a farmer's yield went to the king, church and landowners. The 14th century is described as Norway's Golden Age , with peace and increase in trade, especially with the British Islands, although Germany became increasingly important towards the end of the century.
Throughout the High Middle Ages , the king established Norway as a sovereign state with a central administration and local representatives. In , the Black Death spread to Norway and had within a year killed a third of the population. Later plagues reduced the population to half the starting point by Many communities were entirely wiped out, resulting in an abundance of land, allowing farmers to switch to more animal husbandry. The reduction in taxes weakened the king's position, [56] and many aristocrats lost the basis for their surplus, reducing some to mere farmers.
High tithes to church made it increasingly powerful and the archbishop became a member of the Council of State. The Hanseatic League took control over Norwegian trade during the 14th century and established a trading center in Bergen.
In , Olaf Haakonsson inherited both the Norwegian and Danish thrones, creating a union between the two countries. She waged war against the Germans, resulting in a trade blockade and higher taxation on Norwegian goods, which resulted in a rebellion. However, the Norwegian Council of State was too weak to pull out of the union. Margaret pursued a centralising policy which inevitably favoured Denmark, because it had a greater population than Norway and Sweden combined. The Hanseatic merchants formed a state within a state in Bergen for generations.
Norway slipped ever more to the background under the Oldenburg dynasty established There was one revolt under Knut Alvsson in Norway took no part in the events which led to Swedish independence from Denmark in the s. At the same time, a movement to make Magnus King of Sweden proved successful, and both the kings of Sweden and of Denmark were elected to the throne by their respective nobles, Thus, with his election to the throne of Sweden, both Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus VII.
Although the death rate was comparable with the rest of Europe, economic recovery took much longer because of the small, scattered population. Margaret was working toward a union of Sweden with Denmark and Norway by having Olaf elected to the Swedish throne. She was on the verge of achieving this goal when Olaf IV suddenly died. On 2 February , Norway followed suit and crowned Margaret. She settled on Eric of Pomerania , grandson of her sister. Thus at an all-Scandinavian meeting held at Kalmar, Erik of Pomerania was crowned king of all three Scandinavian countries.
Thus, royal politics resulted in personal unions between the Nordic countries , eventually bringing the thrones of Norway, Denmark , and Sweden under the control of Queen Margaret when the country entered into the Kalmar Union. After Sweden broke out of the Kalmar Union in , Norway tried to follow suit, [ citation needed ] but the subsequent rebellion was defeated, and Norway remained in a union with Denmark until , a total of years.
During the national romanticism of the 19th century, this period was by some referred to as the "Year Night", since all of the kingdom's royal, intellectual, and administrative power was centred in Copenhagen in Denmark. In fact, it was a period of great prosperity and progress for Norway, especially in terms of shipping and foreign trade, and it also secured the country's revival from the demographic catastrophe it suffered in the Black Death.